The first calculating machines multiplied by repeated addition. To multiple by tens, hundreds, or larger units, one shifted the carriage. From the 1870s, a few inventors proposed machines that could ...

In 1867, Frederick A. P. Barnard, a mathematician and the president of Columbia University in New York, served as a judge at the Exposition universelle, a world’s fair held in Paris. There he saw a ...

Napier’s method of multiplication is a method used to multiply large numbers when you do not have a calculator. Draw a 2 by 2 grid to multiply a 2-digit number by another 2-digit number. Label the ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics. You can build an analog calculator using a pulse-width modulator (PWM) to perform accurate four-quadrant multiplication and division.