Water, organic molecules, and inorganic ions are the constituents of cells. Water constitutes the greatest fraction of the three, accounting for almost three-quarters of the total mass of a cell. The ...

Biological macromolecules adopt complicated three-dimensional (3D) structures that are crucial to their function. Some macromolecules, such as enzymes, act alone to provide chemical environments that ...

The synthesis and self-organization of biological macromolecules is essential for life on earth. Chemists now report the spontaneous emergence of complex ring-shaped macromolecules with low degrees of ...

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of photosynthesis can enable significant progress in the fields of biotechnology and renewable energy. Photosystem II (PSII), a protein ...

The fund seeks to enable researchers to make leaps rather than incremental advances in the natural sciences and engineering.

Molecules that are made up of multiple repeating subunits, known as monomers, which may vary or not in their chemical structure, are classified as macromolecules or polymers. Examples exist in nature, ...