Production test of a finished electronic product often involves two techniques: in-circuit test (ICT) and functional component test (FCT). The ICT technique examines a non-powered circuit board to ...

There are many misunderstandings regarding how the type of manufacturing technology used in the assembly of printed circuit boards (PCBs) relates to automated test. To dispel some of the confusion, it ...

Printed-circuit boards used to be works of art, and the PCB designer was an artist as well as a technician. Components had many different shapes, sizes, and colors, and the traces connecting them were ...

Through-hole assembly means bending leads on components and putting the leads through holes in the circuit board, then soldering them in place, and trimming the wires. That took up too much space and ...